An Edible Battery to Power Medicinal Device

                An edible battery that could power medical devices put inside the body to treat diseases has been created using the skin pigment melanin. The researchers said they were able to build a prototype battery that could power a tiny 5 milliWatt device for 18 hours, which would be enough to gradually release a vaccine or to sense changes to bacteria in the gut and release medicine in response. Ordinary batteries, which are much more powerful, are used to power things like pacemakers but are toxic and have to be insulated from the body.

                The batteries makers are believed to be harmless because they are made out of natural materials. For decades, people have been envisioning that one day, awe would have edible electronic devices to diagnose or treat disease. But if you want to take a device every day, you have to think about toxicity issues. That’s when we have to think about biologically derived materials that could replace some of these things you might find in a RadioShack.

                The beauty is that by definition an ingestible, degradable device is in the body for no longer than 20 hours or so. Even if you have marginal performance, which we do, that’s all you need. Various different kind of melanin, which is found in our skin, hair and eyes, absorb ultraviolet light to protect people from its harmful effects. But they also bind and unbind metallic ions, which is essentially what happens in a battery. The researchers experimented with different kinds of batteries using melanin pigments as positive and negative terminals along with other materials such as copper and iron that are also found in the body, they reported.

                Researchers found basically that they work. The exact numbers depend on the configuration, but as an example, we can power a 5 milliWatt device for up to 18 hours using 600 milligrams of active melanin material as a cathode. The researchers are now working on making edible batteries with pectin – a gelling agent used to make jam – and other natural materials. They hope to create packaging that could allow an edible battery to be used in stomach. Researchers envision using the battery for sensing gut micro biome changes and responding with a release of medicine, or for delivering bursts of a vaccine over several hours before degrading.

Coming Soon, a Chip to Detect Hardware Virus

                Scientists, including one of Indian origin, are developing a new chip that can detect malicious circuitry and prevent hardware viruses from sabotaging medical devices, and financial, military or government electronics. The outsourcing of chip design and fabrication is a $350 billion business and bad actors along supply chain have many opportunities to install malicious circuitry in chips. These “Trojan horses” look harmless but can allow attackers to sabotage public infrastructure, Hardware defects are invisible and act surreptitiously. Researchers, are developing a chip with both an embedded module, that proves its calculations are correct, and an external module, that validates the first module’s proofs. This configuration, an example of and approach called “verifiable computing”, keeps tabs on a chip’s performance and can spot telltale signs of Trojans.

Plastic is Passe, Milk to Protect Food in Future

                Much of the plastic packaging we see in the grocery store can be recycled, from egg containers, to milk jugs, to butter tubs. But what about that thin plastic film stretched around wedges of manchego in the cheese bin or the 16-ounce rib-eye in the chiller case? It turns out that kind of plastic is tougher to recycle and might even be adding harmful chemicals to your food. Oh, and it’s not even good at doing what it’s supposed to do: prevent food spoilage.

                Luckily, researchers are investigating alternative forms of food packaging – the kind you can eat. US department of agriculture researchers have discovered that a milk protein called casein can be used to develop an edible, biodegradable packaging film. The casein-based film is up to 500 times better then plastic at keeping oxygen away from food because proteins form a tighter network when they polymerize, the researchers found. It’s also more effective than current edible packaging materials made from starch and protects food products that are sensitive to light.

                Everything is in smaller and smaller packaging, which is great for grabbing for lunch, for school, but then it generates so much waste. Edible packaging can be great for that. Flavorings, vitamins, and other additives can be used to make the packaging, and the food, tastier and nutritious. These films will be more health-enhancing then starches.

Extinct For 200 Yrs, Great Auk to Get New Life Using DNA

                Scientists are planning to bring the extinct Great Auk back from dead, almost 200 years after the penguin-sized, flightless birds disappeared. Researchers discuss reintroducing the flightless marine birds onto the Farne Islands, England. Until the species’ extinction in 19^th century, Great Auks ranged across the Atlantic from northern Europe to Iceland, Canada and the US. Flightlessness made the birds vulnerable to hunting and exploitation for its meat and feathers that reached industrial scale. In 1844, the last birds in final known colony on Iceland Island were killed. Revive and restore, a US based institute, which attempts “genetic rescue” of endangered and extinct species, said it plans to extract Great Auk DNA from fossils or preserved organs and then use data to sequence the animal’s genetic code. The important genes would then be edited into the cells of its nearest living relative, the razorbill. Fertilized embryos would then be implanted into a bird big enough to lay a great auk egg, probably a goose.

Excessive Blue Light Emitted by LED Can Adversely Impact Human Health said AMA

On 14 July 2016, a report released by the American Medical Association (AMA) Council on Science and Public Health claims that excessive blue light emitted by light emitting diodes (LED) can adversely impact human health. AMA report looked at the LED street lighting on US roadways. It also adopted guidance for communities on selecting among LED lighting options to minimize potential harmful human and environmental effects. A large amount of blue light emitted by the high-intensity LED lighting appears white to the naked eye but it can create worse night time glare than conventional lighting. Discomfort and disability from intense, blue-rich LED lighting can decrease visual acuity and safety, resulting in concerns and creating a road hazard. Blue rich LED streetlights that operates at a wavelength adversely suppresses melatonin during night, thus it directly have an impact on drivers.

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Attained Criticality

                On 10 July 2016, the second reactor of Kandankulam Nuclear Power Project attained criticality. On commencing the First Approach to Criticality on 8 July 2016 by withdrawing the control rods from the reactor, boron dilution started a few hours later to allow neutron concentration

to go up, which eventually led to the criticality of the reactor. The KKNPP had submitted its reports to the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board and received the nod for criticality after the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change experts inspected the second unit. They submitted their report to Supreme Court. At present, India operates 21 reactors that can generate 5780 MW of electricity besides giving the country its atomic weapons.

What is Criticality?

·         Criticality is a nuclear term that refers to the balance of neutrons in the system.

·         When the neutron population remains constant, this means there is a perfect balance between production rate and loss rate. Therefore, the nuclear system is said to be critical.

·         The criticality of a system can be calculated by comparing the rate at which neutrons are produced to the rate at which they are lost through absorption and leakage out of the reactor core.

Scientists Developed Bio-Ink for 3-D Printing With Stem Cells

                A group of scientists developed a new stem cell containing bio-ink that allows 3D printing of complex living tissues. The new stem cell-containing bio-ink allows 3D printing of Living tissues, known as bio-printing.

Highlights:

•         The bio-ink used contains a natural polymer from seaweed and a sacrificial synthetic polymer used in the medical industry.
•          The seaweed polymer offers structural support when cell nutrients are introduced.
•          The synthetic polymer changes the bio-ink from a liquid to a solid as temperature is raised.
•          The special bio-ink formulation was extruded from a retrofitted bench top 3-D printer as a liquid that transformed to a gel at 37°C. The formulation allows construction of complex living 3-D architectures.
•          Stem cells were differentiated into osteoblasts and chondrocyctes.