A Blood Test That Spots Cancer Before Symptoms Appear

                A simple blood test that can detect cancer before any symptoms are noticeable has been developed. The scientists, who unveiled the test at the British science festival in Swansea, compared the new test to a smoke detector, because it does not actually find cancer but changes to red blood cells that occur when cancer is present. Discovering cancer early is a key factor in successful treatment. If a tumour is caught in a single part of the body, there is a much better chance that it can be removed surgically, if the cancer has spread to other organs, the chance the patient will die is much higher. Because it is a simple blood test, it could be used to monitor people with a high risk of getting the disease. The test can be likened to a ‘cancer smoke detector’ because a smoke detector does not detect the presence of fire in our homes but it’s by-products – smoke…. This test detects cancer, by detecting the ‘smoke’ – mutated blood cells.

                 The researchers said the test could detect cancer before there are any noticeable symptoms. The researchers worked on developing the test over the past four years, studying 300 healthy people, patients with signs of pre-cancer and patients with the oesophageal form of the disease. The test detects mutations in proteins on the surface of red blood cells. In healthy people, the number of mutations of this type averages about five per million, but in cancer patients there can be 50 to 100 mutants per million. These mutations do not have a role in the development of cancer, with the researchers describing the effect as “collateral damage” caused by the disease. Asked how significant the test would be if it worked for all cancers, researcher said: “With any cancer, if it is caught early enough and surgically removed, that is the biggest impact on the outcome of a cancer diagnosis.

Why a NASA Spacecraft Plans to Chase an Asteroid

                For the next two years, NASA’s latest robotic spacecraft will be chasing down an asteroid near Earth in the hopes of scooping up come of the most primordial bits of the solar system. The mission for the spacecraft, Osiris-Rex, is simple: Fly to an asteroid m grab some of the rock and bring it back to Earth, where scientists will study some of the pristine ingredients that went into the making of the solar system, including possible the building blocks of life. What was that beginning organic material like?

                Once off the ground, Osiris-Rex will be aiming to get close to the asteroid Bennu. It’s 500 meter size, about the height of the Empire State Building. Scientists believe that it is a conglomeration of leftovers, largely unchanged over the last 4.5 billion years. It’s time capsule from the earliest stages of solar system formation. Osiris-Rex will survey Bennu for more than a year to select the site where it well grabs the sample. The goal is to collect at least a couple of ounces of material. After departing Bennu in 2021, Osiris-Rex will pass by Earth in September 2023, dropping off a capsule with the samples.

                A Japanese mission, Hayabusa 2, will similarly collect sample from another carbon rich asteroid, but the Osiris-Rex scientists view the missions as complementary, not redundant. Researcher is particularly interested in gleaning information about organic molecules like amino acids, the building clocks of proteins that are known to float in outer space. Scientists hope that waterlogged minerals in the sample could tell whether the water in Earth’s oceans came from asteroids

Pollution is Bad For Brain, Triggers Alzheimer's

                Minute magnetic particles produced by car engines and brakes can travel into the human brain and may trigger Alzheimer’s disease. The tiny particles of iron oxide, known as magnetite, are toxic and it has been suggested they could play a role in causing or hastening the onset of Alzheimer’s Researchers, discovered microscopic spheres of the mineral magnetite in the brains of 37 people in Manchester and Mexico who had suffered neurodegenerative disease. This strongly magnetic mineral is toxic and has been implicated in the production of active oxygen species (free radicals) in the human brain, which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease.

                Researchers used spectroscopic analysis to identify the particles as magnetite. Unlike angular magnetite particles that are believed to form naturally within the brain, most of the observed particles were spherical, with diameters up to 150 nanometers (nm), some with fused surfaces, pointing to high temperature formation – such as from vehicle engines or open fires. The spherical particles are often accompanied by nanoparticles containing other metals, such as platinum, nickel and cobalt. The particles they found are strikingly similar to the magnetite nano-spheres that are abundant in the airborne pollution found in urban settings, especially next to busy roads, and which are formed by combustion or frictional heating from vehicle engines or brakes.

                Other sources of magnetite nanoparticles include open fires and poorly sealed stoves within homes. Particles smaller than 200 nm are small enough to enter the brain directly through the olfactory nerve after breathing air pollution through the nose. Researcher’s results indicate that magnetite nanoparticles in the atmosphere can enter the human brain, where they might pose a risk to human health, including conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. This finding open up a whole new avenue for research into a possible environmental risk factor for a range of different brain diseases.

Juno Shows Jupiter Like Never Before

                NASA spacecraft has captured the best view of Jupiter yet, revealing turbulent storms in the North Pole. Jupiter’s northern polar region is stormier than expected and appears bluer than the rest of the plane. NASA on 2 September released a batch of close-up pictures taken by the Juno spacecraft when it flew within 2,500 miles of Jupiter’s dense cloud tops. During the rendezvous that took Juno from pole to pole, the solar powered spacecraft turned on its camera and instruments to collect data. The detailed pictures look “like nothing we have seen or imagined before”. Juno also sent back views of Jupiter’s southern lights considered the most powerful in the solar system. The flyby was the first of three dozen planned close passes during the mission.

Unlike Earth and Mars, Jupiter is a gas giant that is likely to have formed first, shortly after the Sun. studying the big planer holds clues to understanding how Earth and the rest of the planets formed. After a five year journey, Juno slipped into orbit around Jupiter in July to map its poles, atmosphere and interior. It’s the first spacecraft to carry a titanium vault designed to shield its computer and electronics from intense radiation. Juno is the second mission to orbit Jupiter. When it completes its job in 2018, it will crash into Jupiter’s atmosphere and disintegrate. NASA planned the finale so that Juno won’t accidentally smack into Jupiter’s moon, particularly the icy moon Europa, a target of future exploration.