Earth's Carbon Came From Smash-up With a Planet

                Most of the Earth’s life giving carbon may have come from a collision about 4.4 billion years ago between our planer and embryonic planet similar to mercury, scientists found. Researchers studied how carbon based life developed on Earth, given that most of the planet’s carbon should have either boiled away in the planet’s earliest days or become locked in Earth’s core. The challenge is to explain the origin of the volatile elements like carbon that remain outside the core in the mantle portion of our planet.

Now, A Pill That Promises to Melt Away Leukaemia

                A new drug that ‘melts’ away cancer has been given fast track approval in the US. Developed in Australia, Venetoclax was developed to specifically target chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The drug showed a positive result in 80% of clinical trials, with one in five patients finishing the programme completely cancer-free. Venetoclax is administered orally every day via a pill. In the original trial, 116 participants increased their dosage from 20mg to 400mg over a five week period. It truly does lead to the disease melting away in 20% of people.

                Cells, when they are born, are destined to die, and cancer cells – particularly leukemia cells – delay that death by using a protein called BCL2 that stops the normal time of death. Venetoclax works by specifically blocking the action of that BCL2 and allows the cells to die in the way that they were destined to. It causes no side-effects. Despite the majority of trial patients experiencing some benefit from Venetoclax, others did have a negative result. The drug marks an advance in immunotherapy, a new area of research that assesses how the body’s own immune system can defeat cancer. As yet, it has been used most effectively in the treatment of melanoma. While Venetoclax has received approval from the European Union and the United States, the drug has not yet been made available in Australia.

Zika Can Spread Via Tears Too

                Eyes may be a reservoir for Zika virus, say scientists. Evidence of the virus in the eyes and tears of infected mice raises the possibility that the infection may spread through tears. Zika virus causes mild disease in most adults but can cause brain damage and death in fetuses. About a third of all babies infected in uterus with Zika show symptoms of eye diseases like inflammation of the optic nerve retinal damage or blindness after birth. In adults, Zika can cause conjunctivitis – redness and itchiness of the eyes – and in rare cases, a condition known as uveitis that can lead to permanent vision loss.

                Researchers study suggests that the eye could be a reservoir for Zika virus. They need to consider whether people with Zika have infectious virus in their eyes and how long it actually persists. To determine what effect Zika infection has on the eye, the researchers infected adult mice under the skin and found live virus in the eyes seven days later. The observations confirm that Zika is able to travel to the eye. It is not yet known whether the virus typically makes that trip by crossing the blood retina barrier that separates the eye from the bloodstream, travelling along the optic nerve that connects the brain and the eye, or some other route. Eye infection raises the possibility that people could acquire Zika infection through contact with tears from infected people.

A New Particle That Can Unlock Secrets of Dark Matter Found

                Scientists, including those from India, have predicted the existence of a new fundamental particle – Madala boson – which may help solve the mystery of the elusive dark matter in the universe. Using data from a series of experiments that led to the discovery of the Higgs boson at European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 2012, the group established what they call the Madala hypotheses, in describing a new boson, named as the Madala boson. The experiment was repeated last year and this year, after a two and a half year shut down of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The data reported by the LHC experiments this year have corroborated the features in the data that triggered the Madala hypothesis.

                Based on a number of features and peculiarities of the data reported by the experiments at the LHC and collected up to the end of 2012, the Wits HEP group in collaboration with the scientists in India and Sweden formulated the Madala hypothesis. The hypothesis describes the existence of a new boson and field, similar to the Higgs boson. However, where the Higgs boson in the Standard Model of Physics only interacts with known matter, the Madala boson interacts with dark matter, which makes about 27% of the universe. With the discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC in 2012 the Standard Model of Physics is now complete. However this model is insufficient to describe a number of phenomena such as dark matter.