Lab-Grown Lungs Mature In Mice

Researchers have successfully transplanted lab-grown mini lungs into mice where the structures were able to survive, grow and mature. In many ways, the transplanted mini lungs were indistinguishable from human adult tissues. Respiratory diseases account for nearly one in five deaths worldwide, and lung cancer survival rates remain poor despite numerous therapeutic advances during the past 30 years. The numbers highlight the need for new, physiologically relevant models for translational lung research. Lab-grown lungs can help because they provide a human model to screen drugs, understand gene function, and generate transplantable tissue and study complex human diseases, such as asthma. Several initial strategies to transplant the mini lungs into mice were unsuccessful.

Massive 'Lake' Found 15 Km Under a Volcano

Scientists have discovered a huge magmatic lake, 15 km below a dormant volcano in South America, a finding that could unlock why and how volcanoes erupt. The body of water – which is dissolved into partially molten rock at a temperature of almost 1,000°C – is the equivalent to what is found in some of the world’s giant freshwater lakes, such as Lake Superior. The finding by researchers from University of Bristol in the UK and colleagues has led scientists to consider if similar bodies of water may be ‘hiding’ under other volcanoes and could help explain why and how volcanoes erupt. The Bolivian Altipano has been the site of extensive volcanism over past 10 million years, although there are no currently active volcanoes there. The Altipano is underlain by a large geophysical anomaly at depths of 15km below the surface of Earth. This anomaly has a volume of one and a half million cubic kilometres or more and is characterized by reduced seismic wave speeds and increased electrical conductivity. This indicates the presence of molten rock. The rock is not fully molten, but partially molten. Only about 10 to 20% of the rock is actually liquid; the rest is solid. The rock at these depths is at a temperature of about 970°C. In order to characterize the partially molten region, the team performed high temperature and pressure experiments. This measured the electrical conductivity of the molten rock in the ‘anomalous’ region and concluded that there must be about eight to 10% of water dissolved in the silicate melt. Silicate melt can only dissolve water at high pressure; at lower pressure this water comes out of the solution if form of bubbles. Crucially, these bubbles can drive volcanic eruptions.

Zika Treatment For Pregnant Women, Fetuses In The Offing

A new study of the Zika virus in mice raises hope for a way to protect pregnant women and their babies from the possible repercussions of being infected. The experimental treatment id derived from antibodies taken from the blood of people who have recovered from Zika infections. Tested on pregnant mice, the treatment reduced levels of the virus in the mother, and also protected their pups from the ravages of the virus. Zika, spread primarily through mosquitoes, has been known to cause birth defects in infants whose mothers are infected during pregnancy. This is proof of principle that Zika virus during pregnancy is treatable, and researchers already have a human antibody that treats it, at least in mice. In the study, the researchers screened 29 Zika-specific antibodies taken from the white blood cells of patients who recovered from Zika infections caused by strains in Asia, Africa and the Americas. They found one, called ZIKV-117, that neutralized all of the strains. The team then tested the antibodies on pregnant mice one day before and a day after infection with Zika. The antibody reduces virus in the mother and also in the fetus, and it protects against placental and fetal damage.

After Autonomous Cars Come Scooter

Scientists have developed a self-driving scooter using the same technology that powers autonomous cars. The innovation could help mobility impaired people move around even in indoor spaces. A mobility impaired user could use the scooter, which employs a system designed by researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), the National University of Singapore (NUS), and the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), to get down the hall and through the lobby of an apartment building, and take a golf cart across the building’s parking lot. Researchers were testing them in tighter spaces. Low level control algorithms of the system enable a vehicle to respond immediately to changes in its environment, such as a pedestrian darting across its path. Localization algorithms can be used to determine the vehicle’s location on a map. Map-building algorithms are used to construct the map, a scheduling algorithm allocated fleet resources, and an online booking system allows users to schedule rides. Using the same control algorithms for all types of vehicles – scooters, golf carts, and city cars – has several advantages. One is that it becomes much more practical to perform reliable analyses of the system’s overall performance. If you have a uniform system where all the algorithms are the same, the complexity is much lower than if you have a heterogeneous system where each vehicle does something different. With software uniformity, information that one vehicle acquires can easily be transferred to another. For instance, the scooter was tested in Singapore, where it used maps created by an autonomous golf cart. Also, if an autonomous golf cart is not available to take a user across a public park, a scooter could fill in; if a city car is not available for a short trip on back roads, a golf cart might be. the new scooter made its public debut in April of this year when over 100 people were invited to take if for a spin as part of a test of the software.

Record High Temp Of Last Year May Be The New Normal By 2025

Global temperature records set in 2015 – the hottest year so far – may become the new norm by 2025 if carbon emissions continue to rise at the same rate. Human activities have already locked in this new ‘normal’ for future temperatures but immediate climate action could prevent record extreme seasons year after year. If we don’t reduce our rate of emissions, the record hot summer of 2013 in Australia - when we saw temperatures approaching 50 degrees Celsius in some areas – could be just another average summer season by 2035. So, what is the idea of a new normal? Researchers determined that a new normal occurred when at least half of the years following an extreme year were cooler and half warmer. Only then can a new normal state be declared. This process was also used to determine new normal conditions for seasonal and regional changes to the climate. Using the ANU’s National Computational Infrastructure supercomputer to run climate models, the researchers explored when new normal states would appear under the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change’s four emissions pathways. The results revealed that while global average temperatures would inevitably enter a new normal under all emissions scenarios, this was not the case at seasonal and regional levels. Researchers found that with prompt action to reduce greenhouse gases, a new normal might never occur in the 21^st century at regional levels during the southern hemisphere summer and northern hemisphere winter.

Water Found On Metallic Asteroid

Scientists have detected the presence of water on Psycho, a largest metallic asteroid in our solar system and the target of a proposed NASA mission. New observations from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii show evidence of water or hydroxyl on its surface. While the source of these molecules on Psycho remains a mystery, Joshua Emery, from the University of Tennessee, said that water-rich minerals detected on the asteroid might have been delivered by carbonaceous asteroids that impacted Psyche in the distant past.

A Battery Made From Junkyard Metal

Researchers have developed a new high-performance, grid-scale battery made from metal scrap and common household chemicals. The battery, which is the size of a pill bottle, can withstand the equivalent of 13 years of daily charging and discharging while retaining 90% of its capacity. Researcher said that the battery was powerful and easy to build. Researchers were inspired from an ancient technology called the Baghdad Battery, which dates to the first century BC. It consisted of a terracotta pot, a copper sheet and an iron rod along with some trace chemicals that could have been an electrolyte. The team soaked metal in a jar with a solution of water and salt. They then applied a voltage to induce a process called anodisation, which restructures the nanoscopic composition of a metal. That exposes the metal’s interior surface and makes it more receptive to storing and releasing energy. Researchers placed a barrier between the two pieces of metal and submerged it in an electrolyte solution made from water and potassium hydroxide. When connected by wires to a device that generated a current, their contraption worked like a car battery.